Martial Arts
- The Art and Science of War
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Styles & Origins
By: Naruhisa Hoguchi
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Throughout our history humankind is persistently training and refining the Fighting Arts. Today, we have access to the craftmanship, Inventiveness, understanding and wisdom from our warriors of the past and present.
What may have started out as basic or simple techniques, these Fighting Arts evolved into complex systems with multiple variations and styles. Nearly all of these Arts have and or share in a lineage, a theory or philosophy and Way.
The Martial Arts traditionally has always been taught directly or “passed down” from teacher to student. It was never necessary to write training manuals. In fact, most teachers kept their knowledge secretly and only taught select individuals.
So, it is difficult to say exactly when or where the Fighting Arts started, or place in a single country or time, because these Arts were developing simultaneously around the world.
This is evident in works of art personifying combat. From stone age Atlatl (spear-throwers) which have been found decorated with designs and carvings, Egyptian paintings dating back 3400 BC, to reliefs and poems from 3000 BC Mesopotamia, and sketches from 2879 BC in Vietnam, showcase that all cultures have created traditions and unique ways to express their own Martial style and Fighting philosophies.
Several disciplines may seem similar because of proximity and location, while some of these systems could have parts of other styles incorporated into them.
Many believe that the earliest systems are likely some combination of ancient Indian and Chinese Martial Arts. However, the case could still be made that a particular style was founded or originated “here” or by “them”.
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Thank You - to All the Practitioners of the Fighting Arts who have spread these disciplines across our planet.
It is because of their dedication to constant training and refinement throughout the centuries, that has transformed many of these Military and Law Enforcement applications into new systems and traditions, practices of self-defense, competition, physical fitness, recreation or entertainment, mental and spiritual development, and the preservation of cultural heritage.
With all of the changes, advancements, training and evolution, the traditional Martials Arts and Fighting Sports will always have its place, continuing the Way.
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There are some common Martial Arts terms we often hear and use which can be ambiguous, confusing or incorrect.
Wuxia, Wushu, Gung Fu - All have a long history as names referring to the Chinese Martial Arts. Similar to Gung Fu - but differences between implication
Kung Fu - is a common pronunciation for Gung Fu and Gong Fu.
Kenpo or Kenpō - Most commonly refers Chinese Martial Arts.
Kempo - Refers to Japanese Martial Arts.
Jujitsu, Jujutsu, Ju Jitsu - Typically refers to Japanese styles
- while Jiu-Jitsu - Refers to Brazilian style.
Eskrima (Stick) Kali (Stick and Blade) Arnis (Weapons and Empty Hand)
- Are used interchangeably, even though they are not necessarily the same.
Gatka - Is a Punjabi style of Stick Fighting.
- Gatka is also being used as term for several Indian Martial Arts.
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| Peoples Republic of China
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| Gung Fu - Gong Fu - Kung Fu -
'Skill and Effort' - Over 72 Different Styles
Buku - Manchu Wrestling
Chin Na - Grappling
Choy Li Fut - Southern Style
Bak Mei -
Black Tiger -
Drunken -
Five Animal Style -
The Tiger, The Dragon, The Crane, The Leopard, The Snake
Hun Gar -
Monkey -
O Mei Ch'uan (Emeiquan)
Praying Mantis -
Southern -
close range system that places more emphasis on short power
Northern -
is famous for its speed and continuous attacks
Pa Kua Chang - (Baguazhang)
Circular patterns and turning, spinning movements
White Crane -
Wuzuquan -
San Soo -
Sanshou -
Shaolin Quan -
Shuai Jiao - Standup Grappling Style
Taiji Quan, Bagua Quan, Xingyi Quan
(Tai Chi Chuan, Shadow Boxing)
3 Major Internal styles: Yang style, Chen style, Wu style
66 Forms of Dragon Style Taiji -
Tiger -
Wing Chun - Emphasizes short range combat
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Shaolin Temple
One of the most famous temple in China, not only because of its long history
and its role in Chinese Buddhism, but also because of its intergation in the Martal Arts.
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Qigong - The Way of cultivating the human body - The ancient Chinese methodology for health, therapy, and longevity. Many believe Qigong is an integrated aspect of Chinese Martial Arts.
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| Mongolia
Archery -
Wrestling -
Horseback Riding -
Naadam Festival - Takes place in July
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| Akido (合気道) - Joining with attack and redirecting energy
Morihei Ueshiba, Steven Seagal
Hojutsu - The way of Fire Arms
Iaidō - Drawing of the Sword
Judo - Jiguro Kano - founder Kodokan DojoJujitsu -
Jujutsu / Jujitsu - Grappling
Karate - Gōjū-ryū (剛柔流) - founder Chōjun Miyagi
April 25, 1888 - October 8, 1953
Kyokushin - founder Masutatsu Oyama (大山 倍達)
July 27, 1923 – April 26, 1994
Dolph Lundgren
Shotokan - founder Gichin Funakoshi (船越 義珍)
November 10, 1868 – April 26, 1957
Shorin-ryu -
Bill "Superfoot" Wallace (23-0 PKA)
Professional Karate Association
Full Contact Karate/Kickboxing
Kendo - The Way of The Sword
Kenjutsu (剣術) - Swordmanship
Kumiuchi - Gtappling - Hand to Hand Combat
Ninjitsu - The Art of Stealth
Stephen Hayes
Steve Jennum (UFC 3 Champion)
Sojutsu - The Art of Wielding the Yari
Sumo - Grappling
Taijutsu - Early Grappling Art
Wajutsu - Early Grappling Art
Ya-wara - Early Grappling Art
Yoroi-kumiuchi - Grappling in Armor
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There are many misconceptions regarding what the difference in terms of what Samurai, Ronin and Ninja is.
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| Okinawa Prefecture
Gichin Funakoshi November 10, 1868 - April 26, 1957
Chojun Miyagi April 25, 1888 - October 8, 1953
Shinko Matayoshi 1888 - 1947
Shinpo Matayoshi 1921 - 1997
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| Koreas
Bulkyo Mu Sul - Buddhist Martial Arts
Geokgido - South Korean Martial Art
Gong Kwon Yu Sol - Traditional Martial Art
Gwonbeop - Unarmed Fighing developed in 1780's
consisting of 18 forms
Hapkido - Joining-Energy-Way
Hwa Rang Do - Developed in the 1960's
Founded by brothers Joo Bang Lee and Joo Sang Lee
Kuk Sul Wan - Traditional Martial Art
Kung Jung Mu Sul - Traditional Royal Court Martial Arts
Moo Duk Kwan - Soo Bahk Do & Hwa Soo Do
Sado Mu Sul - Tribal Martial Arts
Ssireum - Traditional Wrestling
Tae Kwon Do - Rhee Jhoon Goo (10th Dan) Tang Soo Do - Traditional Martial Art
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Jhoon Goo Rhee
January 7, 1932 -
- April 30, 2018
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Tibet Autonomous Region
Hop Gar -
Lion's Roar -
Lama Pai -
Tibetan White Crane -
| Sing Lung is know to be the originator of Martial Arts in Tibet, arriving to the Guangdong Province during the Qing dynasty.
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| Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Bando - Striking
Banshay - Sword, Staff and Spear .
Lethwei - Burmese Boxing "The Art of 9 Limbs"
Naban - Traditional form of Wrestling
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| The Kingdom of Thailand Muay Thai Kickboxing -
Origins date back as far as -250 BCE Muay Boran - Krabi Krabong -
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The sport evolved from being a practical fighting technique for use in actual warfare called Muay Boran meaning “ancient boxing” and Muay meaning “unarmed combat” which originated in the country of Thailand.
Kickboxing was a component of military training and gained prominence during the reign of King Naresuan in 1560.
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Lumpinee Stadium |
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March 17 is celebrated in certain parts of the world as “Boxer’s Day” or “National Muay Thai” day to honor the sport and the story of King Burma and Thai Boxer Nai Knanom Tom in 1774.
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Loa People's Democratic Republic
Muay Lao - Lao Boxing, Lao Kickboxing - Striking
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Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vovinam (Việt Võ Đạo)
Founded in 1938
By Grandmaster Nguyễn Lộc
(April 8, 1912 - April 4, 1960)
Includes Striking, Grappling and Weapons
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Kingdom of Cambodia
Baok Cham Bab - Traditional Wrestling
Pradal Serey - Kun Khmer - Stiking
Bokator - Striking, Grappling and Weapons
- One of the oldest existing fighting systems in Cambodia
Kbac hkun Dambong-Veng - Long Staff
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Kbach kun boran Khmer
- Cambodian Ancient Fighting Arts
Ani-yuth
- Curved sword, Longstaff, 2 Sticks
Kun chbabb - Wrestling
Kun daï - Boxing
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Malaysia
Tomoi - Toi Muay - Striking
Silat - Striking and Weapons
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Republic of Indonesia
Pencak silat - Striking, Grappling and Weapons
Kuntao - Striking
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Republic of the Philipines Dumog - Grappling
Balintawak -
Kombatan - Developed by Ernesto Presas Jr.
Sikaran - Exstensive Kicking Style
Yaw-Yan - (Sayaw ng Kamatayan) Kickboxing -
Developed by Napoleon Fernandez
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Eskrima - Kali - Arnis
Doce Pares -
Lorenzo Saavedra
Cinco Teros - Old Arnis System
Serrada Escrima -
Angel Cabales (1917 - 1991)
Modern Arnis -
Remey Preses (Dec.19, 1936 - Aug. 28, 2001)
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| Republic of India
Adithada - Kickboxing
Gatka - Simulated Sword fighting with wooden sticks
Huyen langlon - Sword and Spear – Striking & Grappling
Kalaripayattu - Striking ad Weapons - Origins dating to the 3rd century BCE, some consider this the oldest martial art still in existence
Malla-yuddha - Grappling, Pressure Points, Biting, Gouging
Mardani khel - Weapon-based system
Musti-yuddha - Boxing
Pehlwani - Grappling
Silambam - Weapon based system
Vajra-musti - Grappling, Weapons
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Kashmir
Sqay - Sword and Shield,
2 Swords and Striking
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Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Cheena di - Striking
Angampora - Striking, Grappling, Weapons –
And the use of pressure point attacks
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Kyrgyz Republic
Alysh - Grappling
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Republic of Uzbekistan
Kurash - Grappling
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Islamic Republic of Iran
Bachokheh - Persian Wrestling
Koshti Pahlavani - Grappling
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Republic of Turkey
Köräş - Grappling
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| State of Israel Krav Maga
Founder -
Imre "Imi" Lichtenfeld (1910-1998)
Moti Horenstein
UFC: 10 and 14
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| England
Boxing -
Catch-as-catch-can - Wrestling
Cornwall - Wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland - Wrestling
Devon - Wrestling
Lancashire - Wrestling
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Bartitsu -
Developed in England in 1898 by Edward William Barton-Wright (November 8, 1860 - April 25, 1951) Combining elements of boxing, jujitsu, cane fighting, and French kickboxing.
Studying under recognized masters, Barton-Wright trained in boxing, wrestling, fencing, Savate and the use of the stiletto, he reportedly engaged in street fights to test their application.
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| French Republic
Savate de Rue -
Street fighting striking techniques developed late 1700’s
L'art de la savate, Savate, boxe française -
"Foot Fighting" A style of kickboxing from the street fighting techniques refined in the 1820’s
Michel "Pisseux" Casseux (1794 - 1869)
- Credited as the Founder
Charles Lecour (1808 - 1894)
- Helped merged Savate and English Boxing
Pierre Vigny (1866-19??) Savate, la Canne Master, Instructor
Gerard Gordeau (UFC 1) Savate Practitioner
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Gouren - A style of folk wrestling
La Canne - Developed in the early 1800’s which it uses a cane or canne (a kind of walking-stick) with a design for fighting
Canne de combat - In the 1970’s, Maurice Sarry standardized Canne de combat for sporting competition
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| Greece Hellenic Republic Pankration - Olympics Dioxippus (-300) Olympic Champion -336 B.C.E.
Jim Arvanitis
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Federal Republic of Germany
Kampfringen -
Grappling and Striking system originating during the Middle Ages
Ringen am Schwert -
Grappling with a Sword used during Armed Combat
Pascha's ringen - Rapid Striking
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The Republic of Ireland
Dornálaíocht - Boxing
Coraíocht - Collar-and Elbow Wrestling
Speachóireacht - Kicking
Batadóireacht - Stick Fighting
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| Russian Federation
Sambo - Oleg Taktarov (UFC 6 Champion)
Gokor Chivichyan
Systema -
ROSS - Retuinskih's System
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Kulachniy Boi -
Traditional Bare-knuckle Boxing
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Scotland
Scottish Backhold - A style of Folk Wrestling
Highland - Wrestling
Scottish Smallsword - Thrusting Style
Highland Boadsword - Style
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The Expert Sword-Man’s Companion
Scottish Smallsword Manuel
by Donald McBane in 1728
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Kingdom of Spain
Spanish Knife Fighting Arts
Acero Sevillano - southern sytle of Andalusia
Baratero - Rudimentry southern style
Navajero -
Cuchillo - Knife
Punal - Stiletto
Tijeras - Gypsy Scissors
Baston de paseo - Walking Stick
Navaja Sevillana - Folding Knife
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Swiss Confederation
Schwingen - Folk wrestling style
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| Canada
Combato – Unarmed combat system created in 1910 by Bill Underwood
Defendo – Martial Art and a Self-Defense system created in 1945 for Law Enforcement by Bill Underwood
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The United States of America
American Kickboxing - The First Event was held on January 17, 1970
Wrestling - Boxing -
Jujitsu America - founder - Willy Cahill
10th Dan - Jujitsu
8th Dan – Judo
Rough and Tumble - First appears during the 17th century American Revolution – is said to be 1 of the few fighting styles native to the United States - which focuses on maximum damage with everything from eye gauging to tongue-biting.
Okichitaw - Tomahawk fighting in conjunction with other indigenous weapons such as the plains dagger, lance and gunstock war club - based on Plains Indian combat techniques.
Knocking and Kicking - Similar to Capoeira
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| Jun Fan Gung Fu Jeet Kune Do
Bruce Lee (Lee Jun-fan) November 20, 1940 - July 20, 1973
- Dan Inosanto - Brandon Lee
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Chuck Norris -
USAF - Veteran
Black Belt - Tang Soo Do, Taekwando, Karate, Judo, BJJ
Founded his own syle of Chun Kuk Do
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Professional Middleweight Karate Champion -
Fighter of the Year 1969 -
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| American Kenpo -
"Ed" Parker
(March 19, 1931 - December 15, 1990) Kenpo -
James Masayoshi Mitose
(December 30, 1916 - March 26, 1981) Small Circle Jujitsu -
Wally Jay
(June 16, 1917 - May 29, 2011) Danzan-Ryū - Japenese Jujistu style founded in 1925
Seishiro Okazaki (1890 - 1951) Kajukenbo - Founded in 1947
Adriano Emperado, Joseph Holck, Peter Choo, Frank Ordonez, Clarence Chang
Richard Bustillo - (January, 28, 1942 - March 30, 2017)
Filipino Kali Academy, Jeet Kune Do Huk Hu Gung Fu (Black Tiger or Panther)
Herbert Luke > Stephen Hu > Sal Aguilera (D. 2007) > Greg McQuoid
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| United Mexican States
Xhupa Porrazo - Aztec Grappling - 300 BC
Lucha Tarahumara - Aztec Grappling
- Unknown Aztec and Maya Military Arts
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Republic of Cuba -
Juego de mani - Striking, Sweeps and Takedowns
- similar to Capoeira
Weapons include - Cane Staff, Knife, Machete
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Martinique
Ladjia - consists of highly acrobatic moves, including punching, kicking, and eye-gouging
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The Republic of Chile
Cuchillo Corvo - A Curved Tipped Knife Fighting System
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Republic of Peru
Bacom - A fusion of numerous martial art styles often uses hidden weapons and tactics of deception
Takanakuy (Quecha) - Traditional Striking Style
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Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Calinda - Kalinda or Kalenda -
Stick-fighting style
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Federative Republic of Brazil
It has been suggested that the first public professinal Mixed Martial Arts events were held during 1950's in Brazil.
| Brazillian Jiu-Jitsu -
The Gracie Family Luta Livre - Euclydes "Tatu" Hatem
Vale Tudo - "anything goes"
Caporiea - Flowing kicking style
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Royce Gracie - UFC 1 |
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Republic of Senegal
Laamb - Grappling
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Arab Republic of Egypt
Tahtib - Stick fFghting System with Ground Fighting
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Republic of The Gambia
Borreh - Grappling
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Togolese Republic
Evala - Grappling
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The Federal Republic of Nigeria
Dambe - Striking
Kokawa - Grappling & Striking
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The Republic of the Sudan
Nuba Fighting - Stick Fighting, Grappling, Shield and Spear
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Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia
Donga - Fighting Style with Long Sticks
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Federal Republic of Somalia
Istunka - Stick Fighting Style
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Republic of Angola
N'singa - Striking
N'golo - Weapons and Grappling
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Republic of South Africa
Nguni - Stick Fighting with 2 Long Sticks
Musangwe - Bare-knucle Boxing Style
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